"Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia." Web. http://www.wikipedia.org/.
used for errething
Thursday, February 3, 2011
english requirement
Ethics.
The invention of the chemically-propelled projectile weapon greatly increased the killing potential of soldiers wielding them. Destruction of human life became less of a skilled craft, requiring years of training with swords, bows, etc, to a mass-produced industry of destruction. The introduction of firearms allowed for a soldier to recieve only months of training with his respective weapon, and the only human element involved in the use of a gunpowder-based weapon is the aim of the individual soldier. The soldier simply points and pulls a trigger, and very soon, if his aim is right, a metal ball is successfully lodged in the innards of another soldier, incapacitating and commonly killing the target. The innovation of handheld, automatic weapons only served to increase this. Instead of having to stop and reload after each successive shot, a soldier needs only keep the trigger pulled down, and is required only to change his weapon's magazine after several dozen shots. If, for example, one disturbed, drugged-up child is given a fully automatic assault rifle and is set against a village full of unarmed civilians, the result is predictable. The wielder of the weapon will be able to shoot many successive targets in a short amount of time, which severally decreases the villagers chances of survival. If, for example, a single soldier wielding a single-shot, flintlock musket was set against a village full of irratable tribals, the soldier would be able to kill one or two of said tribals before he would be inevitably swarmed and clubbed to death. The slow rate of fire of the musket caused by the requirement to reload after each shot impedes the ability of a single person to mow down a large amount of targets. It simply can't be done with a muzzle-loading, single shot firearm, with a maximum rate of fire of 3-4 shots a minute. In the hands of an unskilled, untrained, drugged-up african, however, the potential implications are deadly, thus irrefutably disproving string theory.
The invention of the chemically-propelled projectile weapon greatly increased the killing potential of soldiers wielding them. Destruction of human life became less of a skilled craft, requiring years of training with swords, bows, etc, to a mass-produced industry of destruction. The introduction of firearms allowed for a soldier to recieve only months of training with his respective weapon, and the only human element involved in the use of a gunpowder-based weapon is the aim of the individual soldier. The soldier simply points and pulls a trigger, and very soon, if his aim is right, a metal ball is successfully lodged in the innards of another soldier, incapacitating and commonly killing the target. The innovation of handheld, automatic weapons only served to increase this. Instead of having to stop and reload after each successive shot, a soldier needs only keep the trigger pulled down, and is required only to change his weapon's magazine after several dozen shots. If, for example, one disturbed, drugged-up child is given a fully automatic assault rifle and is set against a village full of unarmed civilians, the result is predictable. The wielder of the weapon will be able to shoot many successive targets in a short amount of time, which severally decreases the villagers chances of survival. If, for example, a single soldier wielding a single-shot, flintlock musket was set against a village full of irratable tribals, the soldier would be able to kill one or two of said tribals before he would be inevitably swarmed and clubbed to death. The slow rate of fire of the musket caused by the requirement to reload after each shot impedes the ability of a single person to mow down a large amount of targets. It simply can't be done with a muzzle-loading, single shot firearm, with a maximum rate of fire of 3-4 shots a minute. In the hands of an unskilled, untrained, drugged-up african, however, the potential implications are deadly, thus irrefutably disproving string theory.
Design principles of Tennis-Ball can, Ethanol fueled cannons
Want to know a secret? Well too bad. You don't get to know a secret. Why not you may ask? I'll tell you why.
It's because what I'm about to tell you isn't a secret. It is know by a great many people, and you are soon to become one of them. Now that we have that out of the way, it is time for me to inform you on how this cannon was designed and constructed, and some of the reasoning behind this.
The basic principles here are to minimize the volume of the combustion chamber in order to reduce the volume possible for the gasses of the propellant combustion products to expand into. This will increase the pressure exerted by the propellant gasses and thus launch the projectile a further distance.
As the volume of a fixed quantity of gas contracts, the pressure increases, as demonstareted in Boyle's gas law. Armed with this knowledge, I was able to deduce that a smaller combustion chamber would result in a more effective cannon.
The cannon was constructed by shearing off the end of a tennis-ball cannister to about half its orignial length, and then taping the resulting product at a 45 degree angle to another, horizontal tennis-ball cannister.
A hole was bored at the base of the combustion chamber to allow for ingnition of the fuel mixture. A 45 degree angle was chosen because this is the optimum angle for launching a projectile in order to achieve the greatest horizontal distance.
It's because what I'm about to tell you isn't a secret. It is know by a great many people, and you are soon to become one of them. Now that we have that out of the way, it is time for me to inform you on how this cannon was designed and constructed, and some of the reasoning behind this.
The basic principles here are to minimize the volume of the combustion chamber in order to reduce the volume possible for the gasses of the propellant combustion products to expand into. This will increase the pressure exerted by the propellant gasses and thus launch the projectile a further distance.
As the volume of a fixed quantity of gas contracts, the pressure increases, as demonstareted in Boyle's gas law. Armed with this knowledge, I was able to deduce that a smaller combustion chamber would result in a more effective cannon.
The cannon was constructed by shearing off the end of a tennis-ball cannister to about half its orignial length, and then taping the resulting product at a 45 degree angle to another, horizontal tennis-ball cannister.
A hole was bored at the base of the combustion chamber to allow for ingnition of the fuel mixture. A 45 degree angle was chosen because this is the optimum angle for launching a projectile in order to achieve the greatest horizontal distance.
A cannonball is shot upward from the upper deck of a fort with an initial velocity of 192 feet per second. The deck is 32 feet above the ground.
Quadratic Model: h=-16t2+192t+32
1. How high does the cannonball go? 608 feet (Remember you are looking for a specific part of the vertex.)
2. How long is the cannonball in the air? 12.17 seconds (Remember you can use the quadratic formula.)
h=-16t2+v0t+h0
h= Height
t=Time
v0=Initial velocity
h0=Initial height
Solve with quadratic formula
h=((-192+-sqrt(192^2-4*-16*32))/2*-16) = -0.165 & 12.17 seconds
Time in air = 12.17 seconds
X of vertex = -b/2a = -192/-32 = 6
h=-16t2+192t+32
t=6
So now h = 608 feet
Vertex is 6,608
6 seconds in the air and 608 feet above the ground
Wednesday, February 2, 2011
DAT HISTORY ASSIGN
The first chemical explosive, gunpowder, is widely agreed by scholars to have been invented as early as the 9th-century in China. The earliest manifestations as weapons came in the form of the Fire-lance, which can be seen as the direct, primitive ancestor of the first true guns. The fire-lance was a spear tipped with a cylinder of hollow bamboo which was filled with gunpowder. The bamboo cylinder was commonly packed with rocks and other solid debris intended to function as a primitive shotgun, with a wide spray of deadly projectiles. Fire lances were primarily used at close range, to give the wielder an advantage in close quarters combat. This weapon was only the first of many gunpowder based weapons, and the physical as well as morally damaging capabilities of gunpowder as a tool of destruction would revolutionize warfare.
Gunpowder first came to the Middle East by the 12th century; It had been introduced to Europe following the crusades of the 13th century. The Arquebus, an early muzzle-loading firearm, was first used in Europe in the 14th century. The Arquebus was a hand-held, muzzle-loading firearm resembling modern-day rifles, and uses a matchlock ignition system. The Arquebus could not match the crossbow or longbow in the hands of a skilled archer in terms of accuracy, and the rate of fire of the Arquebus is much lower than that of the bow. However, the Arquebus has a faster rate of fire then the most powerful crossbows, and was more powerful. The Arquebus also has a much smaller learning curve then the longbow; a longbowman would often spend most of his life training to shoot accurately, but an infantryman can train to use an Arquebus effectively in only a few months. The Arquebus also did not rely on the physical strength of the wielder as the bow and crossbow did, and therefore a soldier’s combat effectiveness was not as severally impacted by fatigue and physical weaknesses. The ammunition for the Arquebus could be manufactured en mass fairly easily, while the manufacturing of bolts and arrows is a genuine craft, requiring great amounts of skill. The Arquebus also has the ability to frighten and demoralize animals and enemy soldiers with the loud noise it produces. Starting in the early 1500s, armies started to adopt new and greatly more effective tactics utilizing the Arquebus. Arquebusiers would assemble into large units and fire in volleys, which greatly increased their effectiveness. This is largely how combat with firearms continued up until the mid-1800s.
The Canon obusier de 12, colloquially known as the 12-pounder Napoleon, was a French type of canon-obusier, which literally means “Shell-gun cannon”. This artillery piece was capable of firing either shell, canister, or grapeshot unlike other field guns of the time, giving it a significant advantage over other artillery pieces. This cannon was the primary field gun used in the American Civil War, and over 1700 of them were manufactured by both sides during the war. The cannon was light and versatile enough to be moved quickly on the battlefield, and powerful enough to destroy heavy fortifications at up to a mile. The Napoleon 12-pounder was superseded by 1870 by rifled cannons, which had much greater range and accuracy.
Invented in 1861, the Gatling gun is one of the best known early rapid-fire guns. The Gatling gun functioned by using multiple rotating barrels that fired a single bullet at a specific point on its rotation. The gun barrels were rotated by method of a hand-powered crank, and the ammunition was fed into the barrels using a gravity-powered hopper. The major innovation of the Gatling gun was not the rotating barrels, which was similar to revolvers of the time, but the addition of the hand crank and the automatic reloading of the individual barrels, which allowed for the gun to be fired as fast as the operator could crank the handle. The gun was capable of up to 200 rounds per minute, and was first used in combat by the United States in the American civil war. The inventor and patent holder of the first Gatling gun stated that he designed the gun in order to reduce the number of soldiers involved in warfare, and thus reduce human casualties.
The Panzerhaubitze 2000 self-propelled howitzer developed for the Bundeswehr (The German Army). The actual gun is mounted on a large, armored vehicle similar in appearance to a tank. The howitzer is capable of firing up to 10 155 mm explosive shells a minute, and also is capable of launching shells at increasingly high trajectories in sequence in order for up to five projectiles to hit the ground at a single target simultaneously. The PzH 2000 was first used in combat in 2006 by the Dutch army operating against Taliban forces in Afghanistan. The PzH 2000 is capable of speeds up to 60 kilometers per hour, and its howitzer is effective at up to 40 kilometers.
A rail gun (Not to be confused with a railway gun) is an entirely electromagnetically powered gun that accelerates a conductive projectile along a pair of electro-magnetic rails. The U.S Navy has tested a rail gun capable of firing a 7 pound projectile close to 8,000 feet per second. The projectile immediately after leaving the rail gun is moving so fast that it produces a plume of plasma behind the projectile. The advantages of an electrically powered rail gun over conventional cannons are that, with practical chemically propelled projectile technology, the highest velocities possible for an unassisted projectile are around 1,500 meters per second and maximum ranges of around 50 miles. A rail gun used in a weapons system would not fire an explosive shell, but rather a solid projectile that uses its very high velocity to induce damage rather than an explosive payload. At 3 km per second, a 2 kg tungsten rod could easily penetrate a tank and potentially pass all the way through it. The lack of stored chemical explosives eliminates the dangers associated with carrying explosive ammunition, and the lack of a spent cartridge to eject from the breach of a gun could allow for a new projectile to be inserted almost immediately, significantly increasing the rate of fire. Power of up to 30 Mega joules for some rail gun designs is typically supplied by use of capacitors and inductors, which deliver a very large charge after charging from a lower, continuous power source.
Gunpowder first came to the Middle East by the 12th century; It had been introduced to Europe following the crusades of the 13th century. The Arquebus, an early muzzle-loading firearm, was first used in Europe in the 14th century. The Arquebus was a hand-held, muzzle-loading firearm resembling modern-day rifles, and uses a matchlock ignition system. The Arquebus could not match the crossbow or longbow in the hands of a skilled archer in terms of accuracy, and the rate of fire of the Arquebus is much lower than that of the bow. However, the Arquebus has a faster rate of fire then the most powerful crossbows, and was more powerful. The Arquebus also has a much smaller learning curve then the longbow; a longbowman would often spend most of his life training to shoot accurately, but an infantryman can train to use an Arquebus effectively in only a few months. The Arquebus also did not rely on the physical strength of the wielder as the bow and crossbow did, and therefore a soldier’s combat effectiveness was not as severally impacted by fatigue and physical weaknesses. The ammunition for the Arquebus could be manufactured en mass fairly easily, while the manufacturing of bolts and arrows is a genuine craft, requiring great amounts of skill. The Arquebus also has the ability to frighten and demoralize animals and enemy soldiers with the loud noise it produces. Starting in the early 1500s, armies started to adopt new and greatly more effective tactics utilizing the Arquebus. Arquebusiers would assemble into large units and fire in volleys, which greatly increased their effectiveness. This is largely how combat with firearms continued up until the mid-1800s.
The Canon obusier de 12, colloquially known as the 12-pounder Napoleon, was a French type of canon-obusier, which literally means “Shell-gun cannon”. This artillery piece was capable of firing either shell, canister, or grapeshot unlike other field guns of the time, giving it a significant advantage over other artillery pieces. This cannon was the primary field gun used in the American Civil War, and over 1700 of them were manufactured by both sides during the war. The cannon was light and versatile enough to be moved quickly on the battlefield, and powerful enough to destroy heavy fortifications at up to a mile. The Napoleon 12-pounder was superseded by 1870 by rifled cannons, which had much greater range and accuracy.
Invented in 1861, the Gatling gun is one of the best known early rapid-fire guns. The Gatling gun functioned by using multiple rotating barrels that fired a single bullet at a specific point on its rotation. The gun barrels were rotated by method of a hand-powered crank, and the ammunition was fed into the barrels using a gravity-powered hopper. The major innovation of the Gatling gun was not the rotating barrels, which was similar to revolvers of the time, but the addition of the hand crank and the automatic reloading of the individual barrels, which allowed for the gun to be fired as fast as the operator could crank the handle. The gun was capable of up to 200 rounds per minute, and was first used in combat by the United States in the American civil war. The inventor and patent holder of the first Gatling gun stated that he designed the gun in order to reduce the number of soldiers involved in warfare, and thus reduce human casualties.
The Panzerhaubitze 2000 self-propelled howitzer developed for the Bundeswehr (The German Army). The actual gun is mounted on a large, armored vehicle similar in appearance to a tank. The howitzer is capable of firing up to 10 155 mm explosive shells a minute, and also is capable of launching shells at increasingly high trajectories in sequence in order for up to five projectiles to hit the ground at a single target simultaneously. The PzH 2000 was first used in combat in 2006 by the Dutch army operating against Taliban forces in Afghanistan. The PzH 2000 is capable of speeds up to 60 kilometers per hour, and its howitzer is effective at up to 40 kilometers.
A rail gun (Not to be confused with a railway gun) is an entirely electromagnetically powered gun that accelerates a conductive projectile along a pair of electro-magnetic rails. The U.S Navy has tested a rail gun capable of firing a 7 pound projectile close to 8,000 feet per second. The projectile immediately after leaving the rail gun is moving so fast that it produces a plume of plasma behind the projectile. The advantages of an electrically powered rail gun over conventional cannons are that, with practical chemically propelled projectile technology, the highest velocities possible for an unassisted projectile are around 1,500 meters per second and maximum ranges of around 50 miles. A rail gun used in a weapons system would not fire an explosive shell, but rather a solid projectile that uses its very high velocity to induce damage rather than an explosive payload. At 3 km per second, a 2 kg tungsten rod could easily penetrate a tank and potentially pass all the way through it. The lack of stored chemical explosives eliminates the dangers associated with carrying explosive ammunition, and the lack of a spent cartridge to eject from the breach of a gun could allow for a new projectile to be inserted almost immediately, significantly increasing the rate of fire. Power of up to 30 Mega joules for some rail gun designs is typically supplied by use of capacitors and inductors, which deliver a very large charge after charging from a lower, continuous power source.
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